客家農村女性的勞動經驗與美德

研究生: 李竹君

學位類別: 碩士

校院名稱: 國立花蓮師範學院

學年度: 90

[摘要]

有關客家族群研究,近來已受到較多的重視。然而,大多數的客家研究,仍偏向於客家族群的起源、歷史、風俗文化方面的探討。本研究嘗試以農村的客家女性作為研究對象,企圖將性別議題納入客家族群的研究中,以期豐富國內有關客家族群與性別的研究。

本研究主要採取女性主義的觀點,分析客家族群內部的性別分工與勞動,研究發現,正如同社會主義女性主義者所指稱,女性勞動力受到父權體制及資本主義雙重的壓迫,展現在客家女性的家庭生活和工作處境中。包括客家女性在經歷為人女,為人妻,為人母的過程中,受到傳統性別分工的影響,必須承擔較多的勞動和不平等的待遇。這些勞動往往被視為是女人天職,諸如生兒育女、家務勞動等照顧工作,均非是一件件可供她們自由選擇,也不是可依她們個人的能力與狀況,可決定要不要擔負的工作。女性出外就業更受到教育程度、職業區隔、照顧工作的牽絆,而使得她們淪為廉價的勞動力。隨著產業結構的變遷,客家女性所處的社會位置,也持續影響著客家女性的勞動經驗。

此外,檢視客家女性的相關文獻,發現部份文獻中,強調並標榜以傳統美德作為客家女性的特質表徵,而這些美德印象的形成,與客家女性的勞動經驗有著密切關連。本研究試圖探討這些美德形成的背景,以及它們如何透過家庭教育與意識型態的作用,傳遞著女性的傳統性別角色。研究結果發現,所謂客家女性的傳統美德,只是一套她們面對社會環境、現實生活,所衍生出來的智慧、妥協及生存策略。而且,在此過程中,她們也並非一成不變、逆來順受且亳無能動性。反而,在其中看見了抗拒和改變的可能。因此,本研究透過以批判的角度,來看待客家女性的勞動經驗及美德,從中瞭解父權體制及意識型態的運作方式,並期待客家女性能夠不再受制虛幻的美名和擺脫靜態的客體形象。

Abstract

The Hakka study has become a hot issue in Taiwan lately. Most of these researches have explored the origins, histories, migration and traditional customs of Hakka people. In order to make contribution to the Hakka study and gender study in Taiwan, this research tries to treat the Hakka peasant women as subjects, and discusses about the sexual division of labor in Hakka community.

With the enlightening of Feminist discourse, I analyze the sexual division of labor in the Hakka ethnic group, and find Hakka women to be both oppressed by patriarchy and capitalism in their family lives and their working environment as the Socialist Feminists has found in their earlier research. As a Hakka woman, no matter she be a daughter, be a wife, or be a mother, she has to carry more unequal responsibility under the traditional gender norm. They have no choice but do all the caring works, such as bearing children, doing housework, which were thought to be women’s obligation. Hakka women also an important part of the labor force in the farm. Yet, Hakka women have been cheap labor because of their low education, few choices of jobs, and their heavy load of housework. Although the economic structure of Taiwan has changed, the life experiences of Hakka women keep influenced by their traditional ethnic/gender norm.

In addition, Hakka women are not only characterized by their strong responsibilities of sharing most heavy labor in the family but also described with “virtues”, such as hard work, thrift or meekness. Some of scholars thought Hakka women’s traditional virtues are the different features of their ethnic groups from others. Nevertheless, according to the present research these images of virtue have more connection with their labor experiences. In order to know how these virtues were built and if these virtues to be taught by sexual role through family education and gender ideology, I analyze the interview data and find that they are not born with these virtues. On the other hand, these virtues are their wisdoms, their compromises, and their strategies to face the real life and the social environment. These virtues are not unchangeable and instead, it may be said that these virtues demonstrate their resistance and struggles. In sum, the research tries to make the points on the Hakka women’s labor and virtues, and attempts to understand how the patriarchal ideology and structure works on the Hakka women.

 

 

 

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