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研究生：劉秀美
學位類別：碩士
校院名稱：國立成功大學
學年：89
[摘
要]
祠堂是一個可容納所有宗族活動的實體建築，為族人之中心，其設立之過程必須耗費十分龐大的人力與財力，故祠堂之成立必須倚靠其背後運作組織「公嘗」及其它外力的支持才得以實現，透過募款聚資的過程在無形中達到凝聚人心之果。
本論文即試圖探討祠堂從無到有的完整過程，以六堆客家地區的二十一棟祠堂為對象，時間範圍設定於日治時期（1895-1945年），進行祠堂建築之研究。論述架構為自祠堂形成之社會背景及公嘗組織（gong-chang）運作狀態，以至建築形制再到建築內部之位序（wei-xu）觀及使用的討論，最後得以歸納出祠堂形成之前後關係，進而詮釋六堆地區祠堂的建築特色與祠堂形成之於建築上的意義。
本研究發現，祠堂之形成是公嘗組織運作達於頂盛之產物，且祠堂之設立足以代表人民決定在台定居的一項指標。祠堂設立時十分注重風水（feng-shui），其風水觀主要反映於擇址面向，透過好風水的選擇以達蔭庇子孫的效果。祠堂為「禮制建築」的一支，故祠堂之建築格局、空間位序及使用上均應呈現「禮」的成果，在建築格局上以二堂二橫的格局最多，為最完整之格局；而空間位序上祠堂內部主要遵守「以中為尊、以旁為卑」之原則，而「左尊右卑、上尊下卑」等原則則被權衡地使用。六堆地區的祠堂有一半以上是結合了居住功能的，故在使用上也可區分成派下員、公嘗、居民三者的使用，祠堂之設立固然以全體派下員為基本考量，但居民的使用強度卻是最高的。且透過風水觀、營建規制及儀式等部份的討論，可歸納出六堆地區的居民或營建匠師均將祠堂視為「陽宅」。
公嘗、祠堂建築及其內部的信仰與使用方式均呈現出六堆地區特有的地域性，透過祠堂之設立，族人原本式微的敬祖觀念得以被強化，故祠堂之設立可達「敬宗收族」之果，更可說完成了族人對宗族觀念的最終理想。
This thesis, based on 21 Ancestral Halls in Liu-Tui
Area, attempts to probe into the
formation of the Ancestral Halls during the Japanese Occupied Period
(1895-1945). On the basis of the social background about the formation
of Ancestral Halls and the status of Gong-Chang Organization, this
thesis interprets the architectural characteristics of Ancestral Halls
in Liu-Tui Area.
From
this study, we can realize that an ancestral hall was a building
formed by the operation of Gong-Chang Organization and that the
establishment of an ancestral hall was an index important enough for
those who wanted to dwell in Taiwan. When an ancestral hall was built,
the members of organizations, with attempts to make their offspring
live better, always emphasized Feng-Shui, a knowledge to decide the
siting of their ancestral halls. As one of the ritual architecture,
the ancestral halls was an outcome of ritual system because more than
a half of ancestral halls in Liu-Tui Area were integrated in the
function of residence, the ancestral halls in Liu-Tui Area were used
not only by all people in the clan and Gong-Chang, but also by the
residents in the ancestral hall. Although the design of an ancestral
hall was primarily considered for all members in the lineage, the
residents who lived in ancestral halls used the ancestral halls
mostly. Through the discussion Feng-Shui and the regulations of
construction, we can understand that the residents and the builders in
Liu-Tui Area regard the ancestral hall as a house for human being--
yangzhai（陽宅）.
Gong-Chang, Ancestral Halls, people’s religious beliefes, and ways of
using the ancestral halls represent the local characteristic of Liu-Tui
Area. Besides strengthening their respect for ancestors, the
establishment of the ancestral hall accomplishes the ultimate ideal
for the lineage. |
