台灣閩客傳統民宅構造類型之研究

-以旗山鎮與美濃鎮為例

研究生: 鍾明樺

學位類別: 碩士

校院名稱: 雲林科技大學

學年度: 90

[摘        要]

        由於歷經不同政經時期與文化影響,台灣傳統民宅之構造技術、材料與型式轉化,本身即是營造文化多樣性的呈現。因此,藉由實存構造物的構造類型研究,不僅可更適切彰顯民宅於實踐過程中,所反映的人為與自然環境之調和關係,更可作為日後營造文化相關研究的重要紀錄。

        然而,營造文化的多樣性著實不易自個案察覺,因此本研究企圖以地方性的角度,以及比較性研究的實證研究方法,進行旗山鎮與美濃鎮閩客傳統民宅構造類型之田野調查,配合以兩地之生活文化模式、產業活動與營建資源等脈絡梳理結果,剖析兩地閩客傳統民宅於實踐過程中,構造類型的轉變軌跡、材料應用邏輯、傳統工匠營造以及生產技術調整等,所展現之營造文化多樣性與異同性。

本研究主要得致下列結論:

1、旗山與美濃並無遭受嚴重之地震災害,當地亦有磚瓦業之發展,因此 傳統民宅皆以疊砌式構造為主,並由早期的土構造類型、磚土構造類型,持續轉化成為磚構造類型。

2、兩地於磚土構造類型差異上,旗山多為二段式磚土構造類型,匠師與居民的構造與材料使用觀念為「磚是磚、土是土」;而美濃多為三段式磚土構造類型,匠師與居民對為三段式磚土構造賦予「天、地、人」投射意義。

3、在屋頂構造、桁檁配置與材料使用差異方面,旗山具有「雙楹仔」配置特色,材料多為竹材或木竹混用,屋頂形式多為硬山式,細部運用紅磚組砌產生的變化較多;美濃則堅持單根配置而無「雙楹仔」,但中脊處有「雙棟樑」的特色,且屋頂多為懸山式,桁檁直接突出山牆面的做法較樸實。

4、旗山具有地域開放性格,來自各地之「五路人」除帶入各種營造觀念與技術外,引進外地匠師營建民宅之案例較美濃為多。

Accordingly to go through different politics-economy and culture, the constructive crafts, material and form conversion of the Taiwan traditional houses showing the construction cultural multiplicity.

Hence, by the study of being constructs, not only we can research the constructive types, but also we can react the relations between the human and natural environment ;then, we can build up the important cultural records. 

But, we can’t realize the building varieties from each case. Therefore, the research attempts from region and according as demonstrative method to investigate the constructive types of Hoklo and Hakka traditional houses in Chi-Shan town and Mei-Nung town. Besides, coordination analysis living culture method, social framework, industry and transition of resource in both regions and analysis the process of the constructive forms in both regions’, we can realize the multiplicity of cultural buildings, which are transformation, material logic, traditional architecture and productive technique of constructive types.We can conclude the research as follow:

1. Chi-Shan town and Mei-Nung town had never been suffered serious earthquake,and they developed bricks and earthenware. So the traditional houses base on brick laying,and they transferred brick construction continually.

2.Because of the different conformations between bricks and soil, there is most “two- section conformations of bricks and soil in Chi-Shan town, and the idea of craftsmen and residents is “bricks are bricks , soil is soil”. But there is most “three- section“ conformations of bricks and soil in Mei-Nung town , the idea of craftsmen and residents think it reflect the meaning of “ skysoilhuman”.

3. In the aspect of roof conformations, the purlins of roofs and material , Chi-Shan has the characteristic of “ Shuang-ying-zai”and its material almost bamboo or mixing bamboo or wood .And its roofs are almost “Ying-sha-shi.The details used bricks to build and made variable. Mei-Nung town insisted single one and no “ Shuang-ying-zai”,but the center of spine have “ Shuang-dong-liang” and the roofs are almost Xuan-shan-shi.The method of the purlins of roofs sticking out walls are more common.  

 

 

 

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